Cover Page iii Contents vii Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 Biogeography of Ontario 2 Climate and Topography 2 Physiographic Regions 2 Forest Regions 3 Tundra 3 Hudson Bay Lowland Forest 3 Boreal Forest 3 Great LakesSt. Lawrence Forest 3 Carolinian Forest 7 Ontario's Shorelines 7 Landuse 7 Conduct of the survey 13 The Grid System 13 Coverage Goals 13 Atlas Regions 15 Data Collection Methods 15 Data Processing and Verffication 19 Ensuring Good Coverage of a Square or Block 19 Ensuring Coverage of all Squares and Blocks 20	Final coverage 21 Atlasser Effort 21 Square and Block Coverage 21 Species Coverage 28 Atlas results - an overview 29 Species Richness 29 Abundance Estimates 30 Highlights of the Results 30 How to use this book 32 Species Treated in Maps and Texts 32 Arrangement of Species Accounts and Maps 32 Maps 33 Ontario Map 33 Southern Ontario Map 33 Abundance Estimates 33 Species Accounts 33 Abbreviations Used in the Text 34 Species Accounts 35 Common Loon 36-37 Pied-billed Grebe 38-39 Horned Grebe 40-41 Red-necked Grebe 42-43 Double-crested Cormorant 44-45	American Bittern 46-47 Least Bittern 48-49 Great Blue Heron 50-51 Great Egret 52-53 Cattle Egret 54-55 Green-backed (Green) Heron 56-57 Black-crowned Night-Heron 58-59 Yellow-crowned Night-Heron 60-61 Mute Swan 62-63 Canada Goose 64-65 Wood Duck 66-67 Green-winged Teal 68-69 American Black Duck 70-71 Mallard 72-73 Northern Pintail 74-75 Blue-winged Teal 76-77 Cinnamon Teal 78-79 Northern Shoveler 80-81 Gadwall 82-83 American Wigeon 84-85 Canvasback 86-87 Redhead 88-89 Ring-necked Duck 90-91 Lesser Scaup 92-93 Common Goldeneye 94-95 Bufflehead 96-97
Hooded Merganser 98-99 Common Merganser 100-101 Red-breasted Merganser 102-103 Ruddy Duck 104-105 Turkey Vulture 106-107 Osprey 108-109 Bald Eagle 110-111 Northern Harrier 112-113 Sharp-shinned Hawk 114-115 Cooper's Hawk 116-117 Northern Goshawk 118-119 Red-shouldered Hawk 120-121 Broad-winged Hawk 122-123 Red-tailed Hawk 124-125 American Kestrel 126-127 Merlin 128-129 Peregrine Falcon 130-131 Gray Partridge 132-133 Ring-necked Pheasant 134-135 Spruce Grouse 136-137 Ruffed Grouse 138-139 Sharp-tailed Grouse 140-141 Wild Turkey 142-143 Northern Bobwhite 144-145 Yellow Rail 146-147 King Rail 148-149 Virginia Rail 150-151 Sora 152-153	Purple Gallinule 154-155 Common Moorhen 156-157 American Coot 158-159 Sandhill Crane 160-161 Piping Plover 162-163 Killdeer 164-165 Solitary Sandpiper 166-167 Spotted Sandpiper 168-169 Upland Sandpiper 170-171 Common Snipe 172-173 American Woodcock 174-175 Wilson's Phalarope 176-177 Little Gull 178-179 Ring-billed Gull 180-181 Herring Gull 182-183 Great Black-backed Gull 184-185 Caspian Tern 186-187 Common Tern 188-189 Forster's Tern 190-191 Black Tern 192-193 Rock Dove 194-195 Mourning Dove 196-197 Black-billed Cuckoo 198-199 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 200-201 Common Barn-Owl (Barn Owl) 202-203 Eastern Screech-Owl 204-205 Great Horned Owl 206-207	Barred Owl 208-209 Great Gray Owl 210-211 Long-eared Owl 212-213 Short-eared Owl 214-215 Boreal Owl 216-217 Northern Saw-whet Owl 218-219 Common Nighthawk 220-221 Chuck-will's-widow 222-223 Whip-poor-will 224-225 Chimney Swift 226-227 Ruby-throated Hummingbird 228-229 Belted Kingfisher 230-231 Red-headed Woodpecker 232-233 Red-bellied Woodpecker 234-235 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 236-237 Downy Woodpecker 238-239 Hairy Woodpecker 240-241 Three-toed Woodpecker 242-243 Black-backed Woodpecker 244-245 Northern Flicker 246-247 Pileated Woodpecker 248-249 Olive-sided Flycatcher 250-251 Eastern Wood-Pewee 252-253 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 254-255 Acadian Flycatcher 256-257
Alder Flycatcher 258-259 Willow Flycatcher 260-261 Least Flycatcher 262-263 Eastern Phoebe 264-265 Great Crested Flycatcher 266-267 Eastern Kingbird 268-269 Horned Lark 270-271 Purple Martin 272-273 Tree Swallow 274-275 Northern Rough-winged Swallow 276-277 Bank Swallow 278-279 Cliff Swallow 280-281 Barn Swallow 282-283 Gray Jay 284-285 Blue Jay 286-287 American Crow 288-289 Common Raven 290-291 Black-capped Chickadee 292-293 Boreal Chickadee 294-295 Tufted Titmouse 296-297 Red-breasted Nuthatch 298-299 White-breasted Nuthatch 300-301 Brown Creeper 302-303 Carolina Wren 304-305 House Wren 306-307 Winter Wren 308-309	Sedge Wren 310-311 Marsh Wren 312-313 Golden-crowned Kinglet 314-315 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 316-317 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 318-319 Eastern Bluebird 320-321 Veery 322-323 Swainson's Thrush 324-325 Hermit Thrush 326-327 Wood Thrush 328-329 American Robin 330-331 Gray Catbird 332-333 Northern Mockingbird 334-335 Brown Thrasher 336-337 Cedar Waxwing 338-339 Loggerhead Shrike 340-341 European Starling 342-343 White-eyed Vireo 344-345 Solitary (Blue-headed) Vireo 346-347 Yellow-throated Vireo 348-349 Warbling Vireo 350-351 Philadelphia Vireo 352-353 Red-eyed Vireo 354-355 Blue-winged Warbler 356-357 Golden-winged Warbler 358-359 Brewster's Warbler 360-361 Lawrence's Warbler 362-363	Tennessee Warbler 364-365 Nashville Warbler 366-367 Northern Parula 368-369 Yellow Warbler 370-371 Chestnut-sided Warbler 372-373 Magnolia Warbler 374-375 Cape May Warbler 376-377 Black-throated Blue Warbler 378-379 Yellow-rumped Warbler 380-381 Black-throated Green Warbler 382-383 Blackburnian Warbler 384-385 Pine Warbler 386-387 Kirtland's Warbler 388-389 Prairie Warbler 390-391 Palm Warbler 392-393 Bay-breasted Warbler 394-395 Cerulean Warbler 396-397 Black-and-white Warbler 398-399 American Redstart 400-401 Prothonotary Warbler 402-403 Ovenbird 404-405 Northern Waterthrush 406-407 Louisiana Waterthrush 408-409 Kentucky Warbler 410-411 Connecticut Warbler 412-413 Mourning Warbler 414-415 Common Yellowthroat 416-417 Hooded Warbler 418-419
Wilson's Warbler 420-421 Canada Warbler 422-423 Yellow-breasted Chat 424-425 Summer Tanager 426-427 Scarlet Tanager 428-429 Northern Cardinal 430-431 Rose-breasted Grosbeak 432-433 Indigo Bunting 434-435 Dickcissel 436-437 Rufous-sided (Eastern) Towhee 438-439 Chipping Sparrow 440-441 Clay-colored Sparrow 442-443 Field Sparrow 444-445 Vesper Sparrow 446-447 Savannah Sparrow 448-449 Grasshopper Sparrow 450-451 Henslow's Sparrow 452-453 Le Conte's Sparrow 454-455 Song Sparrow 456-457 Lincoln's Sparrow 458-459 Swamp Sparrow 460-461 White-throated Sparrow 462-463 Dark-eyed Junco 464-465 Bobolink 466-467 Red-winged Blackbird 468-469 Eastern Meadowlark 470-471 Western Meadowlark 472-473 Yellow-headed Blackbird 474-475 Rusty Blackbird 476-477	Brewer's Blackbird 478-479 Common Grackle 480-481 Brown-headed Cowbird 482-483 Orchard Oriole 484-485 Northern (Baltimore) Oriole 486-487 Pine Grosbeak 488-489 Purple Finch 490-491 House Finch 492-493 Red Crossbill 494-495 White-winged Crossbill 496-497 Pine Siskin 498-499 American Goldfinch 500-501 Evening Grosbeak 502-503 House Sparrow 504-505 Red-throated Loon 506 Pacific Loon 507 American White Pelican 508 Tundra Swan 509 Snow Goose 510 Ross's Goose 511 Greater Scaup 512 Common Eider 513 King Eider 514 Oldsquaw (Long-tailed Duck) 515 Surf Scoter 516 White-winged Scoter 517 Rough-legged Hawk 518 Golden Eagle 519	Willow Ptarmigan 520 Lesser (American) Golden-Plover 521 Semipalmated Plover 522 American Avocet 523 Greater Yellowlegs 524 Lesser Yellowlegs 525 Whimbrel 526 Hudsonian Godwit 527 Marbled Godwit 528 Semipalmated Sandpiper 529 Least Sandpiper 530 Pectoral Sandpiper 531 Purple Sandpiper 532 Dunlin 533 Stilt Sandpiper 534 Short-billed Dowitcher 535 Red-necked Phalarope 536 Parasitic Jaeger 537 Bonaparte's Gull 538 Glaucous Gull 539 Arctic Tern 540 Snowy Owl 541 Northern Hawk Owl 542 Western Kingbird 543 Black-billed Magpie 544 Northern Wheatear 545 Gray-cheeked Thrush 546 Water (American) Pipit 547 Bohemian Waxwing 548
Northern Shrike 549 Orange-crowned Warbler 550 Blackpoll Warbler 551 American Tree Sparrow 552 Lark Sparrow 553 (Nelson's) Sharp-tailed Sparrow 554 Fox Sparrow 555 White-crowned Sparrow 556 Harris's Sparrow 557 Lapland Longspur 558 Smith's Longspur 559 Snow Bunting 560 Common Redpoll 561 Hoary Redpoll 562 Trumpeter Swan 563 Brant 563 Greater Prairie-Chicken 563 California Gull 563 Black Guillemot 563 Passenger Pigeon 563 Bewick's Wren 563 Mountain Bluebird 563	Applications of atlas data: some preliminary examples 566 The role of atlas data in determining relative size of Ontario breeding bird populations 566 Uses of breeding bird atlas data for environmental planning 569 Crossbills, cone crops and irruptions 572 Using data to monitor changes in House Finch distribution 574 Multi-species dusters of birds in southern Ontario 576 APPENDIX A. Administrative structure 581 APPENDIX B: Abundance estimates 582 APPENDIX C: Processing and verification of atlas data 583	APPENDIX D: Canadas and Ontario's list of Rare, Threatened, Endangered, Extirpated and Extinct Species (as of May 1987) 587 List of plant names found in the text 588 Literature cited 591 Index of English, French and scientific names 611